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Esophageal cancer is a digestive tract malignancy with high morbidity and mortality and mainly occurs in males. The 5-year survival rate is lower than 20%. In China， the morbidity and mortality of esophageal cancer rank the first in the world， seriously threatening national health. The pathogenesis of esophageal cancer is diverse， which is generally considered as the consequence of environmental-genetic-gene interaction. In addition to genetic factors and regional characteristics， gene mutation， RNA interference， DNA damage repair， tumor microenvironment， dietary habit， chronic adverse stimulation， and inflammatory reaction are all involved in the occurrence and development of esophageal cancer. However， there is no unified and accurate conclusion. Clarifying the exact pathogenesis of esophageal cancer is of great significance for its early screening， diagnosis， prevention， treatment， and prognosis. Surgery， radiotherapy， and chemotherapy are the three effective methods for the treatment of esophageal cancer. However， due to the atypical early symptoms， most patients have missed the best operation period when diagnosed， resulting in poor clinical prognosis. Moreover， radiotherapy and chemotherapy will cause side effects such as loss of appetite， low immune function， esophagitis， pneumonia， and malnutrition， which is not conducive to the prognosis and treatment maintenance of patients. With definite efficacies on esophageal cancer， traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， which is flexible and diverse in the treatment， can primarily or alternatively be involved in the treatment of esophageal cancer. TCM can eliminate postoperative complications and postoperative infections and relieve adverse gastrointestinal reactions， weakened immune function， and organ damage caused by radiotherapy and chemotherapy. It can enhance clinical efficacy and improve the quality of life of patients. Therefore， it is necessary to systematically summarize the clear pathogenesis or risk factors of esophageal cancer and review the clinical characteristics of TCM in the prevention and treatment of esophageal cancer to facilitate the early screening， diagnosis， and treatment of esophageal cancer and promote the application of TCM in the prevention and treatment of esophageal cancer and related adverse reactions.
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ObjectiveTo analyze the clinical application characteristics of prescription preparations for external use in the Chinese pharmacopoeia 2020 edition （hereafter abbreviated as the Pharmacopoeia）. MethodThe topical functions， usage， dosage， dosage form， application method， and prescription of the preparations for external use in the Pharmacopoeia were analyzed. ResultThe Chinese pharmacopoeia 2020 edition includes a total of 138 prescription preparations for external use， the specific clinical usage， dosage， administration method， and efficacy evaluation of which remain unclear. These preparations can be used to treat a wide range of diseases. Specifically， the use in orthopedics and traumatology （36 preparations， accounting for 26.09%） is dominant， followed by that in internal medicine， surgery， and throat. The major application method is directly applying to the diseased area （35 preparations， 25.36%）. The main dosage forms are ointment （40 preparations， 28.99%） and powder （24 preparations， 17.39%） and others include liniments， suppositories， tinctures， and sprays. The clinical usage and dosage of these preparations are mostly unclear. Only 48 preparations （34.78%） are recorded with clear dosage and frequency of use， and 45 preparations （32.61%） have neither clear dosage nor frequency of use. The 138 prescription preparations for external use include 211 single medicines， of which 44 single medicines can be used alone. The single medicines are mostly used for heat clearing （48 preparations， 22.75%）. ConclusionThe Chinese pharmacopoeia 2020 edition （Volume I） records a large number of prescription preparations for external use， and the number shows an increasing trend. However， the usage， dosage， and efficacy evaluation criteria of these preparations remain to be improved and need in-depth research.
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ObjectiveTo explore the possible mechanism of total flavonoids of peony flower （TFPF） in protecting rats from gouty nephropathy and provide data support for the pharmaceutical research on the treatment of gouty nephropathy. MethodGouty nephropathy rat model was established by adenine combined with ethambutol. Rats were randomly assigned into blank control group， model group， allopurinol （42 mg·kg-1） group， Tongfengshu tablets （600 mg·kg-1， positive control） group， and TFPF （260， 130， and 65 mg·kg-1） groups. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was employed to measure the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）， monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 （MCP-1）， interleukin-1β （IL-1β）， and interleukin-18 （IL-18） in rat serum and those of transforming growth factor-β1 （TGF-β1） and IL-1β in renal homogenate. Hematoxylin-eosin（HE） staining was carried out for observation of the morphological changes of renal cells. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling （TUNEL） was conducted for observation of the DNA damage in renal cells. The expression of NOD-like receptor protein 3 （NLRP3）， cysteine aspartic acid protease（Caspase）-1 and IL-1β were observed by immunohistochemistry. The expression levels of NLRP3， Caspase-1 and nuclear transcription factor -κB （NF-κB） in renal tissues were detected by Western blot. ResultCompared with blank group， the contents of TNF-α， MCP-1， IL-1β， IL-18， and TGF-β1 in serum of model group were significantly increased （P<0.01）， and the expressions of NLRP3， Caspase-1， NF-κB and IL-1β in kidney of model group were significantly increased （P<0.01）. The renal tissue cells showed cytoplasmic swelling， cell membrane rupture， and the number of nuclear pyknotic fracture increased. The positive rate of TUNEL staining was significantly increased in model group （P<0.01）， and the contents of IL-1β and TGF-β1 in renal tissue homogenate were significantly increased （P<0.01）. Compared with model group， the contents of inflammatory factors TNF-α， IL-1β and IL-18 in serum of rats in TFPF high- and medium-dose groups could be decreased to different degrees （P<0.05， P<0.01）， while the content of MCP-1 in TFPF high-dose group was significantly decreased （P<0.01）. The content of TGF-β1 in renal tissue homogenate in TFPF high- and medium-dose groups was significantly decreased （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and the content of IL-1β in renal tissue homogenate in TFPF medium-dose group was significantly decreased （P<0.01）. HE staining showed that each dose group of TFPF could improve the status of renal tubular epithelial cells， reduce cytoplasmic swelling and the number of nuclear pyknosis to varying degrees. The positive rate of TUNEL staining was decreased （P<0.01） and DNA damage was decreased. The expression of NLRP3， Caspase-1， IL-1β and NF-κB protein in renal tissue cells was inhibited （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionTFPF protects rats from gouty nephropathy by inhibiting the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. Specifically， it may inhibit the activation of NF-κB and NLRP3/Caspase-1 pathways to reduce the expression， maturation， and release of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and IL-18 and further inhibit pyroptosis， thereby reversing the inflammatory injury of kidney in gouty nephropathy.
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In recent years， with the changes of people's life rhythm and living environment， the incidence of gastric ulcer has shown an increasing trend year by year， and the affected population has become younger and younger. In order to further explore the pathogenesis of gastric ulcer and its diagnosis and treatment methods， a variety of animal models of gastric ulcer have been established clinically， such as stress type， chemical factor type， pyloric ligation type， helicobacter infection type and disease-syndrome combination type. The authors intend to summarize the modeling methods and advantages and disadvantages of existing models on the basis of reviewing the etiology， pathogenesis and diagnostic criteria of gastric ulcers. It was found that the non-injurious stress method （restraint stress， restraint immersion stress and restraint freezing stress， etc.）+traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） syndrome modeling， acetic acid gavage method+TCM syndrome modeling were ideal choices for replicating animal models of acute and chronic gastric ulcer. At the same time， the analysis of the coincidence degree between each gastric ulcer model and the clinical disease characteristics of Chinese and western medicine showed that the coincidence degree of western medicine diagnostic criteria was higher than that of TCM diagnostic criteria. The successful judgment of the model was also based on western medicine diagnosis. In short， the model is insufficient in depth and breadth. It only detects a few core indicators and main indicators， ignoring the impact of secondary indicators on the diagnosis of the disease. There is also a big gap between the disease-syndrome combination model and the TCM clinical syndromes of this disease. Therefore， the depth and width of the model evaluation criteria should be strengthened， and the evaluation system of the disease-symptom combination model should be improved， in order to provide a more accurate reference for the replication of gastric ulcer models， and to replicate animal models of gastric ulcer with high coincidence degree of Chinese and western medicine for research purposes.
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This study aims to explore the mechanism of fresh Phragmitis Rhizoma against chronic bronchitis airway inflammation. The SD rats of SPF grade were divided into control group, model group, Guilongkechuanning group(GLKCN, 1.125 g·kg~(-1)), high-dose fresh Phragmitis Rhizoma group(LG-HD, 15 g·kg~(-1)), and low-dose fresh Phragmitis Rhizoma group(LG-LD, 7.5 g·kg~(-1)). The chronic bronchitis models of rats in other groups except the control group were induced by the modified smoking method. From the 15 th day of modeling, the rats were given corresponding agents by gavage for 20 consecutive days. After the last administration, the rats were sacrificed for sample collection. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) was employed to detect serum transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β) and interleukin-6(IL-6) levels. The protein expression of TGF-β, IL-1β and IL-6 in lung tissue was detected by immunohistochemical method. Masson staining was performed to detect collagen fibers and muscle fibers in lung tissue, and HE staining to detect the pathological changes of lung tissue. Human bronchial epithelial(16 HBE) cells were cultured in vitro, and CCK-8(cell counting kit-8) method was used to detect the cytotoxicity of cigarette smoke extract(CSE) and fresh Phragmitis Rhizoma. After the exposure of 16 HBE cells to 3.5% CSE and appropriate concentration(800, 400 μg·mL~(-1)) of fresh Phragmitis Rhizoma for 24 h, quantitative real-time PCR was conducted to determine the mRNA levels of TGF-β and IL-1β, and Western blot was employed to determine the protein levels of TGF-β and IL-6 in the cells. The rat model of chronic bronchitis induced by smoking was successfully established. Fresh Phragmitis Rhizoma reduced serum TGF-β and IL-6 levels, down-regulated the protein levels of TGF-β, IL-1β, and IL-6 in lung tissue, and alleviated pathological changes and fibrotic lesions in lung tissue. Moreover, it down-regulated the CSE-induced protein expression of TGF-β and IL-6 as well as the mRNA level of TGF-β in 16 HBE cells. These results indicated that fresh Phragmitis Rhizoma could prevent airway inflammation from chronic bronchitis and promote cell repair by inhibiting the TGF-β signaling pathway.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Bronchitis, Chronic/genetics , Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology , Inflammation , Lung , Poaceae/chemistry , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Rhizome , Signal Transduction , Transforming Growth Factor beta/geneticsABSTRACT
Chinese patent medicine prescriptions containing Jujubea Fructus in 2015 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia and the Composition Principles of Chinese Patent Drug were collected, and the characteristics of Chinese patent medicine containing Jujubea Fructus were analyzed by using data mining technology. Statistical software Excel 2019, Clementine 12.0 and SPSS 21.0 were used to conduct statistical analysis of conforming Chinese patent medicine prescriptions by means of frequency statistics, association rule analysis and cluster analysis. Finally, a total of 185 Chinese patent medicine prescriptions containing Jujubea Fructus were included in this study, involving 402 Chinese medicines and 28 kinds of high frequency Chinese medicines, with Jujubea Fructus, Poria, Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, and Codonopsis Radix as the top five. The deficiency-nourishing drugs were in the most common efficacy classification, mainly sweet, bitter and pungent, with most medicine properties of warm and gentle, main meridians of spleen lung and stomach, dosage forms of pills, granules and tablets, and main indications of splenic diseases. Fifteen drug combinations were obtained in association rule analysis. Eleven drug combinations were obtained by association rule analysis of Chinese patent medicine containing Jujubea Fructus in the treatment of splenic diseases, and the drugs were divided into two categories by cluster analysis. According to the above analysis, it is found that the Chinese patent medicine prescriptions containing Jujubea Fructus are mainly composed of deficiency-nourishing drugs, mostly compatible with drugs of sweet, bitter and pungent flavors, warm and gentle properties, and spleen, lung, and stomach meridians in the treatment of splenic diseases, with Sijunzi Decoction as the main drug. This study provides guidance for modern clinical application and development of Jujubea Fructus.
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China , Data Mining , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Nonprescription DrugsABSTRACT
To explore the drug use rules of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) in the treatment of ulcerative colitis, and to provide some references for clinical treatment. The full-text search of "ulcerative colitis+TCM" was conducted based on CNKI. The literatures published from 2000 to 2020 were selected, and the clinical prescriptions for ulcerative colitis were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The statistical processing and association rule analysis were carried out with use of Excel 2013, Clementine 12.0 and IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0 statistical software. A total of 177 prescriptions were obtained after retrieval of 3 432 relevant literatures, including 93 oral prescriptions and 84 enema prescriptions. Among them, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma, Coptidis Rhizoma, Aucklandiae Radix and Paeoniae Radix Alba were the most frequently used drugs in oral administration, with the functions of tonifying, heat clearing and Qi regulating. The drugs with high frequency in enema included Bletillae Rhizoma, Coptidis Rhizoma, Sanguisorbae Radix, Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex and Sophorae Flavescentis Radix, with the functions of heat clearing, blood stopping and tonifying. Both oral and enema means of drugs were mainly of warm, cold and slightly cold properties, and bitter and sweet flavors, involving spleen, stomach, lung and large intestine. In cluster analysis, oral and enema drugs were divi-ded into 5 groups. Accordingly, in the treatment of ulcerative colitis, tonifying medicine, heat clearing medicine and Qi regulating medicine are often used for oral administration and heat clearing medicine, hemostatic medicine and tonifying medicine are often used for enema administration. On this basis, they are combined with diuretic drugs and astringent drugs respectively.
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Humans , Colitis, Ulcerative/drug therapy , Data Mining , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Medicine, Chinese TraditionalABSTRACT
Based on the clinical characteristics of atopic dermatitis( AD) in traditional Chinese medicine( TCM) and Western medicine,the existing animal models were analyzed,and the coincidence degree,advantages and disadvantages between the models and the clinical manifestations of AD were evaluated,so as to provide reference for establishing a rational animal model. After consulting relevant literatures in recent years and summarizing the existing modeling methods,it is found that spontaneous,transgenic/gene knockout models were highly consistent,but with high breeding conditions and expensive prices. The hapten-induced model was low in cost and fast in modeling. It revealed the corresponding mechanism of AD to a certain extent,but did not fully reflect the state of the entire process of AD. The modeling method was guided by Western medicine,but with a lack of pathogenic factors of traditional Chinese medicine,and so has certain limitations in TCM research. Therefore,it is necessary to combine the etiology,pathogenesis and clinical mani-festations of AD with traditional Chinese and Western medicine,so as to improve the coincidence degree between the model and the characteristics of clinical symptoms and lay the foundation for in-depth studies on AD.
Subject(s)
Animals , China , Dermatitis, Atopic/genetics , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Eczema , Medicine , Medicine, Chinese TraditionalABSTRACT
Cystitis， one of the most common diseases in the urinary system， is manifested by urinary frequency， urinary urgency， and bladder pain， which are known as the classic symptom triad of bladder irritation， especially in women. In recent years， with the change of the lifestyle， the prevalence of bladder diseases in China is increasing year by year. According to the characteristics of etiology， pathogenesis， and clinical symptoms of cystitis， this paper listed the clinical diagnostic criteria in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） and western medicine after consulting the relevant literature. Through the analysis of the existing animal model of cystitis， the fit between the model and clinical manifestations was evaluated， and the advantages and disadvantages were summarized. The models induced by "intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide" and "Freund's complete adjuvant combined with bladder catheterization" were proved highly matched with manifestations despite some shortcomings such as long time and high cost. At present， the diagnostic criteria of cystitis are mainly based on western medicine， and the definitive diagnosis of the relevant types still depends on cystoscopy and tissue biopsy. The lack of TCM syndrome model limits the TCM research. Additionally， four diagnostic methods in TCM cannot be well applied to animal models because of the susceptibility to subjective factors. Behavioral tests can be used to determine the model index and develop the relevant behavior rating scale. Therefore， it is necessary to establish an animal model of cystitis in line with the clinical characteristics of western medicine and TCM syndrome differentiation， so as to better promote the study of cystitis.
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This study summarized and analyzed the modeling methods， modeling mechanisms， and advantages and disadvantages of existing animal models of acute pancreatitis （AP） with the purposes of replicating animal models more in line with the clinical syndrome characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） and Western medicine， improving the basic research of AP， and promoting its in-depth research. Further， the clinical diagnostic criteria of TCM and Western medicine were drawn up， and the agreement was evaluated between animal models of AP and clinical syndrome characteristics of TCM and Western medicine. The results demonstrated that the AP model induced by choline-deficient ethionine-supplemented diet （CDE）-supplemented diet was highly consistent with the clinical syndromes of TCM and Western medicine， which was simple in operation and small in mortality. However， the modeling did not involve the pathogenic factors of TCM. Although many approaches have been proposed to establish animal models of AP so far， most of the models meet the diagnostic criteria of Western medicine but， lacking the manifestation of TCM symptoms， less agree with the clinical syndromes of TCM. At present， animal models of AP alone are mostly used to study the pharmacodynamics and mechanisms of Chinese and Western medicines， which fail to meet the requirements of syndrome differentiation and treatment in TCM theories. Only the animal models of AP which conform to the TCM syndrome characteristics and are basically consistent with clinical syndromes greatly contribute to the essence study of TCM syndromes and the development of innovative Chinese medicines. Therefore， establishing animal models that can simultaneously reflect the clinical syndrome characteristics of AP in both TCM and Western medicine and replicating more realistic， accurate and comprehensive animal models of AP are worthy of further research.
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This paper collated the western medicine and traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） diagnostic criteria of pulmonary fibrosis （PF） based on its clinical characteristics and relevant literature reports and summarized the inductive agents， methods， objects， and mechanisms for replicating the PF animal models as well as their respective advantages and disadvantages. By analyzing the consistency of symptoms among successfully modeled animal models with the clinical characteristics in TCM and western medicine， we found that the intratracheal injection of bleomycin was the most frequently employed method for modeling， and the resulting outcomes were very similar to clinical characteristics in TCM and Western Medicine. Besides， considering the time-saving process， high stability， good repeatability， and low cost， such method was suitable for the rapid screening of drugs. The second preferred method was intraperitoneal injection of paraquat， which exhibited the advantages of high degree of consistency with clinical characteristics of PF caused by paraquat poisoning， low cost， high success rate， and easy operation， which allowed it to be suitable for exploring the mechanism of paraquat poisoning and developing the antidotes. The existing PF animal models shared a fairly high degree of consistency in symptoms with patients diagnosed as having PF in western medicine. However， the criteria for TCM syndrome differentiation remained unclear， and the animal models failed to reflect TCM pathogenesis. It is necessary to establish more accurate TCM diagnostic criteria that focus on syndrome differentiation and reveal TCM etiology and pathogenesis and carry out more experiments concerning TCM syndromes of PF in the future， so as to better treat PF with integrated TCM and Western Medicine.
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Objective:To explore the macroscopic medication rule of Chinese medicine for the treatment of primary liver cancer and provide references for clinical medication. Method:The databases of CNKI，VIP， and Wanfang Data were searched for research articles published from September 1959 to June 2019 with the terms of "Chinese medicine" and "liver cancer". A database was established based on the collected Chinese medicinal prescriptions for the treatment of primary liver cancer. The frequency，clustering， and association rules were analyzed by Excel， etc. Result:In this study，106 effective articles were included，and after the modified prescriptions were removed， 92 effective prescriptions were screened out，involving 281 Chinese herbal medicines used for 1 181 times in total. The top 5 high-frequency drugs were Poria （deficiency-tonifying），Astragali Radix （heat-clearing），Bupleuri Radix （blood-activating and stasis-resolving），Paeoniae Radix Alba （urination-promoting and dampness-draining）， and Codonopsis Radix （Qi-regulating）. The analysis of drug flavor with a frequency higher than 10 showed that most of the drugs were sweet，bitter， and pungent in flavor，cold，warm， and plain in nature，and acted on spleen and liver meridians. Four combinations and 10 herbal pairs were obtained by the cluster analysis of high-frequency drugs and association analysis， respectively. The high-frequency drugs and potential herbal pairs were classified targeting the specific clinical syndromes in different stages of liver cancer. Conclusion:Replenishing Qi， invigorating spleen，clearing heat， removing toxin，activating blood， and resolving stasis were the basic principles for the treatment of primary liver cancer. The combination of those drugs was the main therapeutic strategy. In addition，the resulting 10 potential herbal pairs from high-frequency drugs and cluster analysis could inspire the clinical treatment of primary liver cancer in different clinical stages with various clinical syndromes， which was of reference value for the clinical medication.
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Based on the clinical characteristics of thromboembolic vasculitis， the diagnostic criteria in western medicine and the dialectical standard in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） were analyzed and established by consulting relevant literature， and the modeling method， modeling objects as well as modeling advantages and disadvantages for the animal models of thromboembolic vasculitis were summarized in this paper. By analyzing its coincidence with the characteristics of clinical symptoms in traditional Chinese and western medicine， it was found that the animal model of thromboembolic vasculitis had a higher degree of coincidence with the clinical symptoms in western medicine， as well as cold and dampness blocking collaterals syndrome and heat toxin injury yin syndrome in TCM， but lower degree of coincidence with damp-heat toxin syndrome and Qi-blood deficiency syndrome. There is no animal model consistent with blood stasis syndrome. The pathological and hemorheological indexes （blood viscosity， erythrocyte sedimentation rate） were the most common indexes. Compared with a large number of cases reported in clinical treatment of thromboangiitis obliterans， the experimental research was relatively weak. It is the focus of future research to establish a reasonable model to judge the quantitative standard， and to establish the animal model with higher coincidence degree with TCM syndrome.
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Objective:To analyze the research status of the external use of medicinal materials and decoction pieces in the 2020 edition of <italic>Chinese Pharmacopoeia</italic> （volume 1）， so as to provide reference for the clinical external use research of Chinese medicines. Method:The external function， usage， dosage and other information of medicinal materials and decoction pieces in the 2020 edition of <italic>Chinese Pharmacopoeia</italic> （volume 1） were analyzed and compared. Result:In the 2020 edition of <italic>Chinese Pharmacopoeia</italic> （volume 1）， there were 165 kinds of Chinese medicines that could be used externally， including 25 kinds of Chinese medicines that clearly recorded their functions for external use， such as Euphorbiae Semen， Euphorbiae Semen Pulveratum， Arisaematis Rhizoma， Arisaematis Rhizoma Preparatum， Crotonis Fructus， Crotonis Semen Pulveratum， Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma， Artemisiae Argyi Folium， Alumen， Stemonae Radix， Genkwa Flos， Cera Flava， Mel， Psoraleae Fructus， Gardeniae Fructus， Calomelas， Bruceae Fructus， Drynariae Rhizoma， Euphorbiae Ebracteolatae Radix， Cuscutae Semen， Phytolaccae Radix， Meretricis Concha， Talcum， Talci Pulvis and Propolis. The amount of Chinese medicine for external use recorded in the 2020 edition of <italic>Chinese Pharmacopoeia</italic> was mostly appropriate for external use， the amount for external use was not clear. The application method for external use focused on beating powder and applying the affected areas， decocting for fumigation and washing， simmering to paste， etc. Clinical external use was used for the treatment of eczema， tinea pedis， chapped skin and other skin diseases. Conclusion:The number of Chinese medicines recorded in the 2020 edition of <italic>Chinese Pharmacopoeia</italic> for external use is increasing， but the function， dosage and usage of these Chinese medicines for external use still need to be improved.
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Allergic conjunctivitis （AC） is one of the most common eye diseases in ophthalmology， including type I allergies and type Ⅳallergies， which seriously affect the quality of life of patients. This article analyzes the current models of allergic conjunctivitis based on the characteristics of clinical symptoms of Chinese and Western medicine， including the types of animals selected， the characteristics of the models， and the analysis of the degree of agreement with the clinical symptoms of Chinese and Western medicine. It is concluded that most of the current AC model replication uses ovalbumin （OVA） induction method， ragweed pollen induction method. In recent years， animal models of fungal-inducible， compound 48/80-inducible， and murine allergic conjunctivitis have appeared， which are sensitized by the "systemic first and then local" method. Most of them have a high degree of coincidence with the characteristics of Western medicine symptoms， but there are certain gaps in the indicators of Chinese medicine， and there are also inconsistencies between the existing observation indicators and the diagnostic standards of Chinese medicine， resulting in unclear symptoms of Chinese medicine and irregular classification judgments. Therefore， To replicate the animal model with high clinical anastomosis of Chinese and Western medicine， further discussion and research are needed to better promote the research of allergic conjunctivitis.
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Constipation is a common functional gastrointestinal disease with obstructive constipation， prolonged defecation time， or difficulty in defecation as the main symptoms， its prevalence is increasing year by year. Copying the animal model that is highly consistent with the clinical characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） and western medicine is the basis for the related research on constipation. Based on the clinical characteristics， etiology and pathogenesis， clinical diagnostic criteria and TCM syndrome differentiation of constipation， a comparative analysis of the anastomosis between common animal models and clinical symptoms was carried out. Existing animal models of constipation were mostly drug induction and non-pharmaceutical intervention methods， and the modeling method was relatively simple， which was different from the multi-factors of constipation in clinical practice， and the evaluation indicators were mainly charcoal-powder propelling rate， defecation function， colon tissue and serum biochemical indicators. TCM syndrome differentiation lacked perfect evaluation system， such as laborious defecation， palpitation， shortness of breath， forgetfulness， cold pain in the abdomen， and other indicators that had not been embodied in the animal models， and the observation indicators were inconsistent with the diagnostic criteria of TCM. The same pathogenic factor could cause different syndromes， such as shortness of breath and fatigue， hot flashes and night sweats in the diagnostic criteria of TCM. Therefore， it is necessary to further explore the animal model of constipation that is highly consistent with the clinical characteristics of TCM and western medicine， in order to promote clinical treatment of constipation.
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Endoplasmic reticulum （ER） is an important organelle responsible for protein， steroid， lipid and carbohydrate synthesis and calcium-dependent signal transduction in eukaryotic cells. ER homeostasis is essential for normal cell function. ER homeostasis imbalance can induce ER stress （ERS）， which participates in the occurrence and development of diseases of the digestive system， respiratory system， circulatory system， nervous system， reproductive system， and endocrine system， and affects body health. Among various diseases， cancers seriously endanger people′s health due to its high mortality rate， disability rate， and recurrence rate. Due to the survival characteristics of unlimited proliferation， tumor cells are often exposed to various internal and external stimuli such as hypoxia， ischemia， excessive proliferation， and starvation， which destroy intracellular protein balance and induce ERS to some extent for survival. ERS plays a major role in various tumors and has dual functions in the survival of tumor cells： promoting the survival of tumor cells by activating a series of adaptive responses， while inducing ERS-related apoptosis pathways， so as to promote tumor cell death and inhibit tumor growth and invasion. As multiple functions of ERS in tumors are reported， many scholars have tried to intervene in the progress of tumors from the perspective of ERS. The therapeutic effect of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） on tumors has been widely recognized. TCM can participate in the regulation of tumors from many aspects， including ERS， chemoradiotherapy resistance， gastrointestinal adverse reactions caused by chemotherapy， postoperative recurrence and metastasis. Since there are few reports on the antitumor effect of TCM from the perspective of ERS， this paper expounds the influence of ERS on tumorigenesis and development and the progress of TCM intervention in tumor through ERS， in order to provide a new direction for tumor treatment.
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The incidence of heart failure has increased year by year, with a negative impact on quality of life and life expectancy of patients. Reproduction of animal models that meet the characteristics of clinical symptoms is a prerequisite for conducting experimental studies relating to heart failure. Based on the characteristics of clinical symptoms of heart failure in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) and Western medicine, the existing common animal models of heart failure were explored, and the clinical anastomosis of the existing animal models was analyzed based on the clinical diagnostic criteria of heart failure in TCM and Western medicine. After analysis and comparison, it can be seen that the existing modeling methods are mostly single-factor animal models, with certain gaps between the characteristics of clinical multi-factors and interactions that jointly lead to heart failure, and the modeling methods were mostly guided by Western medicine, with a lack of TCM pathogenic factors in the model process, which is different from the clinical diagnostic criteria of Chinese and Western medicine for heart failure. In terms of syndrome differentiation, heart failure is classified into heart and lung Qi deficiency syndrome, Qi and Yin deficiency syndrome, heart and kidney Yang deficiency syndrome, Qi deficiency and blood stasis syndrome, Yang deficiency and water flooding syndrome, phlegm-drinking obstructive lung syndrome, Yin and yang exhausted syndrome. The existing animal models mostly confused them, with no effective and recognized method for modeling at present. There are major limitations in studies of Chinese medicine. Therefore, based on clinical characteristics of heart failure in Chinese and Western medicine, this article analyzed the existing animal models, defined their advantages and disadvantages and application prospects, and then suggested further improving the corresponding animal models of heart failure and standardizing the model evaluation, so as to improve the clinical coincidence between animal models and Chinese and Western medicine, make heart failure animal models better serve scientific studies, and promote relevant mechanism studies, pathological change studies and drug screening.
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Animals , Humans , China , Heart Failure/drug therapy , Medicine , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Models, Animal , Quality of LifeABSTRACT
Based on the clinical characteristics of chronic atrophic gastritis in traditional Chinese and Western medicine, the domestic and foreign relevant literature reports and animal models of chronic atrophic as well as the clinical diagnostic indicators of traditional Chinese and western medicine, chronic atrophic gastritis evaluation standard was summarized to evaluate and analyze the coincidence degree of clinical symptoms of the existing chronic atrophic gastritis animal models. The statistical results found that modeling methods with a higher coincidence degree with the existing chronic atrophic gastritis animal models are disease and syndrome combination mode-ling, surgical modeling, multifactor comprehensive modeling and MNNG modeling. Although the animal models were reproduced by such methods as etiology, pathogenesis and disease and syndrome combination similar to those of human beings, there is still a big gap with the natural disease state. Further in-depth studies and improvement shall be made in clinical practice in the hope to provide refe-rence for clinical practice and experimental studies of chronic atrophic gastritis.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , China , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Gastritis, Atrophic , Medicine , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Models, AnimalABSTRACT
The evaluation standard of LEAD animal model was established according to the understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of diabetic lower extremity vascular disease based on Chinese and Western medicine. The consistency between the existing LEAD animal model and the clinical characteristics of traditional Chinese and Western medicine was analyzed and evaluated. The advantages and disadvantages of the existing model were compared,the application scope of different models was considered,and the possible improvement methods of the existing model were proposed,so as to provide impetus for the improvement of LEAD animal model.We should reflect more characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine syndromes in the process of model improvement and development,making the LEAD animal model to get closer to clinical features of traditional Chinese and Western medicine.